Loons
Grebes
Albatrosses
Shearwaters and Petrels
Storm-Petrels
Tropicbirds
Boobies and Gannets
Pelicans
Cormorants
Darters (Anhinga)
Frigatebirds
Herons, Egrets, and Bitterns
Ibises and Spoonbills
Storks
New World Vultures
Flamingos
Ducks, Geese, and Swans
Hawks and Allies
Falcons and Caracaras
Chachalacas and Allies
Grouse, Turkeys, and Allies
New World Quail
Rails, Gallinules, and Coots
Limpkin
Cranes
Thick-knees
Plovers and Lapwings
Oystercatchers
Stilts and Avocets
Jacanas
Sandpipers, Phalaropes,
and Allies
Coursers and Pratincoles
Gulls, Terns, and Allies
Auks
Pigeons and Doves
Parrots and Allies
Cuckoos, Roadrunners,
and Allies
Barn Owls
Typical Owls
Nighthawks and Nightjars
Swifts
Hummingbirds
Trogons
Hoopoe
Kingfishers
Woodpeckers and Allies
Tyrant Flycatchers
Shrikes
Vireos
Crows and Jays
Larks
Swallows and Martins
Chickadees and Titmice
Penduline Tits (Verdin)
Long-tailed Tits (Bushtit)
Nuthatches
Creepers
Wrens
Dippers
Bulbuls
Kinglets
Old World Warblers and
Gnatcatchers
Old World Flycatchers
Thrushes
Babblers (Wrentit)
Mockingbirds and Thrashers
Starlings and Mynas
Accentors
Wagtails and Pipits
Waxwings
Silky-flycatchers
Olive Warbler
Wood-Warblers
Bananaquit
Tanagers
New World Sparrows
Cardinals and Allies
Blackbirds, Orioles, and Allies
Finches and Allies
Old World Sparrows
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TYRANT FLYCATCHERS
Family Tyrannidae
Chapter author: George A. Clark, Jr.
Abbott, D. J., III, and D. W. Finch. 1978. First Variegated Flycatcher
(Empidonomus varius) record for the United States. American Birds
32:161-163.
Baltz, M. E., and D. E. Burhans. 1998. Rejection of artificial parasite
eggs by Gray Kingbirds in the Bahamas. Condor 100:566-568.
Beaver, D. L., and P. H. Baldwin. 1975. Ecological overlap and the problem
of competition in the Western and Hammond’s Flycatchers. Condor
77:1-13.
Bent, A. C. 1942. Life histories of North American flycatchers, larks,
swallows, and their allies. Dover, New York, NY. (l963 reprint)
Bevier, L. R. (Ed.) 1994. The atlas of breeding birds of Connecticut.
State Geological and Natural History Survey Bulletin 113.
Bowers, R., N. Bowers, and J. B. Dunning, JR. 1996. A closer look: Buff-breasted
Flycatcher. Birding 28:408-413.
Bowers, R. K., JR., and J. B. Dunning, JR. 1987. Nutting’s Flycatcher
(Myiarchus nuttingi) from Arizona. American Birds 41:5-10.
Conover, M. R., and D. E. Miller. 1980. Rictal bristle function in Willow
Flycatcher. Condor 82: 469-471.
Conrad, K. E., R. J. Robertson, and P. T. Boag. 1998. Frequency of extrapair
young increases in second broods of Eastern Phoebes. Auk 115:497-502.
Davis, L. I., and F. S. Webster, JR. 1970. An intergeneric hybrid flycatcher
(Tyrannus X Muscivora). Condor 72:37-42.
Fitzpatrick, J. W. 1980. Wintering of North American tyrant flycatchers
in the neotropics. Pages 67-78 in Migrant birds in the Neotropics:
ecology, behavior, distribution and conservation (A. Keast, and E. S.
Morton, Eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
Fitzpatrick, J. W. 1981. Search strategies of tyrant flycatchers. Animal
Behaviour 29:810-821.
Fitzpatrick, J. W. 1985. Form, foraging behavior, and adaptive radiation
in the Tyrannidae. Ornithological Monographs 36:447-470.
Johnson, N. K. 1963. Biosystematics of sibling species of flycatchers
in the Empidonax hammondii-oberholseri-wrightii complex. University
of California Publications in Zoology 66:79-238.
Johnson, N. K. 1980. Character variation and evolution of sibling species
in the Empidonax difficilis-flavescens complex (Aves: Tyrannidae). University
of California Publications in Zoology 112:1-151.
Johnson, N. K. 1994. Old-school taxonomy versus modern biosystematics:
species-level decisions in Stelgidopteryx and Empidonax. Auk 111:773-780.
Johnson, N. K., and J. A. Marten. 1988. Evolutionary genetics of flycatchers.
II. Differentiation in the Empidonax difficilis group. Auk 105:177-191.
Keast, A., L. Pearce, and S. Saunders. 1995. How convergent is the American
Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla, Parulinae) with flycatchers (Tyrannidae)
in morphology and feeding behavior? Auk 112:310-325.
Lanyon, S. M. 1985. Molecular perspectives on higher-level relationships
in the Tyrannidae (Aves). Systematic Zoology 34:404-418.
Lanyon, W. E. 1986. A phylogeny of the thirty-three genera in the Empidonax
assemblage of tyrant flycatchers. American Museum Novitates 2846.
Lederer, R. J. 1972. The role of avian rictal bristles. Wilson Bulletin
84:193-197.
McKitrick, M. C. 1985. Monophyly of the Tyrannidae (Aves): comparison
of morphology and DNA. Systematic Zoology 34:35-45.
Morgan, J. G., and L. M. Feltner. 1985. A neotropical bird flies north:
the Greenish Elaenia. American Birds 39:242-244.
Mumford, R. E. 1964. The breeding biology of the Acadian Flycatcher.
Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan
125:1-50.
Phillips, A. R., and K. C. Parkes. 1955. Taxonomic comments on the Western
Wood Pewee. Condor 57:244.
Pyle, P. 1997. Identification Guide to North American Birds. Part I.
Columbidae to Ploceidae. Slate Creek Press, Bolinas, CA.
Regosin, J. V., and S. Pruett-Jones. 1995. Aspects of breeding biology
and social organization in the Scissor-tailed Flycatcher. Condor 97:154-164.
Rising, J. D., and F. W. Schueler. 1980. Identification and status of
wood pewees (Contopus) from the Great Plains: what are sibling
species? Condor 82:301-308.
Sealy, S. G., and G. C. Biermann. 1983. Timing of breeding and migration
in a population of Least Flycatchers in Manitoba. Journal of Field Ornithology
54:113-124.
Short, L. L., Jr., and T. D. Burleigh. 1965. An intergeneric hybrid
flycatcher (Contopus X Empidonax) from Idaho. Proceedings of
the Biological Society of Washington 78:33-37.
Sibley, C. G., and J. E. Ahlquist. 1985. Phylogeny and classification
of New World suboscine passerine birds (Passeriformes: Oligomyodi: Tyrannides).
Ornithological Monograph 36:396-428.
Sibley, C. G., and J. E. Ahlquist. 1990. Phylogeny and classification
of birds. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
Smith, P. W., and D. S. Evered. 1992. La Sagra’s Flycatcher. Birding
24: 294-297.
Stein, R. C. 1958. The behavioral, ecological and morphological characteristics
of two populations of the Alder Flycatcher, Empidonax traillii
(Audubon). New York State Museum and Science Service Bulletin 371:1-63.
Stein, R. C. 1963. Isolating mechanisms between populations of Traill’s
Flycatcher. Proceedings American Philosophical Society 107:21-58.
Traylor, M. A., Jr. 1979. Two sibling species of Tyrannus (Tyrannidae).
Auk 96:221-233.
Traylor, M. A., Jr., and J. W. Fitzgerald. 1982. A survey of the tyrant
flycatchers. Living Bird 19:7-45.
Tyler, J. D., and K. C. Parkes. 1992. A hybrid Scissor-tailed Flycatcher
X Western Kingbird specimen from southwestern Oklahoma. Wilson Bulletin
104:178-181.
Wilson, R. R., and R. J. Cooper. 1998. Breeding biology of the Acadian
Flycatcher in a bottomland hardwood forest. Wilson Bulletin 110:226-232.
Zimmer, B., and K. Bryan. 1993. First United States record of Tufted
Flycatcher. American Birds 47:48-50.
Zink, R. M., and N. K. Johnson. 1984. Evolutionary genetics of flycatchers.
I. Sibling species in the genera Empidonax and Contopus. Systematic
Zoology 33:205-216.
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