Loons
Grebes
Albatrosses
Shearwaters and Petrels
Storm-Petrels
Tropicbirds
Boobies and Gannets
Pelicans
Cormorants
Darters (Anhinga)
Frigatebirds
Herons, Egrets, and Bitterns
Ibises and Spoonbills
Storks
New World Vultures
Flamingos
Ducks, Geese, and Swans
Hawks and Allies
Falcons and Caracaras
Chachalacas and Allies
Grouse, Turkeys, and Allies
New World Quail
Rails, Gallinules, and Coots
Limpkin
Cranes
Thick-knees
Plovers and Lapwings
Oystercatchers
Stilts and Avocets
Jacanas
Sandpipers, Phalaropes,
and Allies
Coursers and Pratincoles
Gulls, Terns, and Allies
Auks
Pigeons and Doves
Parrots and Allies
Cuckoos, Roadrunners,
and Allies
Barn Owls
Typical Owls
Nighthawks and Nightjars
Swifts
Hummingbirds
Trogons
Hoopoe
Kingfishers
Woodpeckers and Allies
Tyrant Flycatchers
Shrikes
Vireos
Crows and Jays
Larks
Swallows and Martins
Chickadees and Titmice
Penduline Tits (Verdin)
Long-tailed Tits (Bushtit)
Nuthatches
Creepers
Wrens
Dippers
Bulbuls
Kinglets
Old World Warblers and
Gnatcatchers
Old World Flycatchers
Thrushes
Babblers (Wrentit)
Mockingbirds and Thrashers
Starlings and Mynas
Accentors
Wagtails and Pipits
Waxwings
Silky-flycatchers
Olive Warbler
Wood-Warblers
Bananaquit
Tanagers
New World Sparrows
Cardinals and Allies
Blackbirds, Orioles, and Allies
Finches and Allies
Old World Sparrows
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GULLS,
TERNS AND ALLIES
Family Laridae
Chapter authors: Edward S. Brinkley and Alec Humann
Alerstam, T. 1990. Bird migration. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
(pp. 135-144)
Andersson, M. 1999. Hybridization and skua phylogeny. Proceedings of
the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 266:1579-1585.
Berthold, P. 1993. Bird migration: a general survey. Oxford University
Press, Oxford. (p. 76)
Bell, D. A. 1996. Genetic differentation, geographic variation and hybridization
in gulls of the Larus glaucescens-occidentalis complex. Condor
98:527-546.
Bell, D. A. 1997. Hybridization and reproductive performance in gulls
of the Larus glaucescens-occidentalis complex. Condor 99:585-594.
Braun, M. J., and R. T. Brumfield. 1998. Enigmatic phylogeny of skuas:
An alternative hypothesis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.
Series B, Biological Sciences 265:995-999.
Conover, M. R., and G. L. Hunt, Jr. 1984. Experimental evidence that
female-female pairs in gulls results from a shortage of breeding females.
Condor 86:472-476.
Cohen, B. L., A. J. Baker, K. Blechschmidt, and 13 others. 1997. Enigmatic
phylogeny of skuas (Aves: Stercorariidae). Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 264:181-190.
Fry, D. M., and C. K. Toone. 1981. DDT-induced feminization of gull
embryos. Science 213:922-924.
Furness, R. W. 1987. Kleptoparasitism in seabirds. Pages 77-100 in
Seabirds: Feeding Ecology and Role in Marine Ecosystems (J. P. Croxall,
Ed.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Götmark, F. 1987. White underparts in gulls function as hunting
camouflage. Animal Behaviour 35:1786-1792.
Kjellén, N. 1997. Skuas on the Eurasin tundra; relative occurrence
of species, ages and color phases. Ibis 139:282-288.
Pierotti, R. 1987. Isolating mechanisms in seabirds. Evolution 41: 559-570.
Pierotti, R., and C. A. Annett. 1990. Diet and reproductive output in
seabirds. BioScience 40:568-574.
Pierotti, R., and C. A. Annett. 1991. Diet choice in the Herring Gull:
constraints imposed by reproductive and ecological factors. Ecology
72:319-328.
Snell, R. R. 1989. Status of Larus gulls at Home bay, Baffin Island.
Colonial Waterbirds 12:12-23.
Snell, R. R. 1991. Interspecific allozyme differentiation among North
Atlantic white-headed larid gulls. Auk 108:319-328.
Snell, R. R. 1991. Variably plumaged Icelandic Herring Gulls reflect
founders not hybrids. Auk 108:329-341.
Zusi, R. L. 1981. On the split pupil of the Black Skimmer (Rynchops
niger). Journal of Field Ornithology 52:338-340.
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