Loons
Grebes
Albatrosses
Shearwaters and Petrels
Storm-Petrels
Tropicbirds
Boobies and Gannets
Pelicans
Cormorants
Darters (Anhinga)
Frigatebirds
Herons, Egrets, and Bitterns
Ibises and Spoonbills
Storks
New World Vultures
Flamingos
Ducks, Geese, and Swans
Hawks and Allies
Falcons and Caracaras
Chachalacas and Allies
Grouse, Turkeys, and Allies
New World Quail
Rails, Gallinules, and Coots
Limpkin
Cranes
Thick-knees
Plovers and Lapwings
Oystercatchers
Stilts and Avocets
Jacanas
Sandpipers, Phalaropes, 
and Allies
Coursers and Pratincoles
Gulls, Terns, and Allies
Auks
Pigeons and Doves
Parrots and Allies
Cuckoos, Roadrunners, 
and Allies
Barn Owls
Typical Owls
Nighthawks and Nightjars
Swifts
Hummingbirds
Trogons
Hoopoe
Kingfishers
Woodpeckers and Allies
Tyrant Flycatchers
Shrikes
Vireos
Crows and Jays
Larks
Swallows and Martins
Chickadees and Titmice
Penduline Tits (Verdin)
Long-tailed Tits (Bushtit)
Nuthatches
Creepers
Wrens
Dippers
Bulbuls
Kinglets
Old World Warblers and 
Gnatcatchers
Old World Flycatchers
Thrushes
Babblers (Wrentit)
Mockingbirds and Thrashers
Starlings and Mynas
Accentors
Wagtails and Pipits
Waxwings
Silky-flycatchers
Olive Warbler
Wood-Warblers
Bananaquit
Tanagers
New World Sparrows
Cardinals and Allies
Blackbirds, Orioles, and Allies
Finches and Allies
Old World Sparrows

SANDPIPERS, PHALAROPES, AND ALLIES

Scolopacidae

Chapter authors: Nils and Sarah Warnock

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Bent, A. C. 1927. Life histories of North American shore birds. Smithsonian Institution United States National Museum, Bulletin 142. (reprinted by Dover)

Burton, P. J. K. 1974. Feeding and the feeding apparatus in waders: a study of anatomy and adaptations in the Charadrii. British Natural History Museum, London.

Campbell, R. W., N. K. Dawe, I. McTaggart-Cowan, J. M. Cooper, G. W. Kaiser, and M. C. E. McNall. 1997. The birds of British Columbia, Vol. 2. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, BC.

Emlen, S. T., and L. W. Oring. 1977. Ecology, sexual selection, and the evolution of mating systems. Science 197:215-223.

Grant, G. S. 1982. Avian incubation: egg temperature, nest humidity, and behavioral thermoregulation in a hot environment. Ornithological Monograph 30.

Jehl, J. R., Jr. 1997. Fat loads and flightlessness in Wilson's Phalaropes. Condor 99:538-543.

Johnsgard, P. A. 1981. The plovers, sandpipers, and snipes of the world. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NB.

Marks, J. A. 1993. Molt of the Bristle-thighed Curlews in the northwestern Hawaiian islands. Auk 110:573-587.

McNeil, R., and J. Burton. 1977. Southbound migration of shorebirds from the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Wilson Bulletin 89:167-171.

Obst, B. S., W. M. Hamner, P. P. Hamner, E. Wolanski, M. Rubega, and B. Littlehales. 1996. Kinematics of phalarope feeding. Nature 384:121.

Oring, L. W., and D. B. Lank. 1984. Breeding area fidelity, natal philopatry, and the social systems of sandpipers. Pages 125-147 in Behavior of marine animals. Vol. 5. Shorebirds: breeding behavior and populations (J. Burger and B.L. Olla, Eds.). Plenum Press, New York, NY.

Page, G. W., and R. E. Gill Jr. 1994. Shorebirds in western North America: late 1800s to late 1900s. Studies in Avian Biology 15:147-160.

Page, G.W., and D. F. Whitacre. 1975. Raptor predation on wintering shorebirds. Condor 77:73-83.

Paulson, D. 1993. Shorebirds of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA.

Piersma, T. 1996. Family Scolopacidae. Pages 444-487 in Handbook of the birds of the world. Vol. 3. Hoatzin to auks (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and J. Sargatal, Eds.). Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.

Piersma, T., A. Koolhaas, and A. Dekinga. 1993. Interactions between stomach structure and diet choice in shorebirds. Auk 110:552-564.

Piersma, T., and R. E. Gill, Jr. 1998. Guts don't fly: small digestive organs in obese Bar-tailed Godwits. Auk 115:196-203.

Prater, A. J., J. H. Marchant, and J. Vuorinen. 1987. Guide to the identification and ageing of Holarctic waders. British Trust for Ornithology Guide 17.

Rubega, M. A. 1997. Surface tension prey transport in shorebirds: how widespread is it? Ibis 139: 488-493.

Rubega, M. A., and B. S. Obst. 1993. Surface-tension feeding in phalaropes: discovery of a novel feeding mechanism. Auk 110:169-178 + frontispiece.

Townshend, D. J. 1981. The importance of field feeding to the survival of wintering male and female Curlews Numenius arquata on the Tees Estuary. Pages 261-273 in Feeding and survival strategies of estuarine organisms (N.V. Jones and W. J. Wolff, Eds.). Plenum Press, New York, NY.

Senner, S. E., and M. A. Howe. 1984. Conservation of Neartic shorebirds. Pages 379-421 in Behavior of marine animals. Vol. 5. Shorebirds: breeding behavior and populations (J. Burger and B. L. Olla, Eds.),. Plenum Press, New York, NY.

Sibley, C. G., and B. L. Monroe, Jr. 1990. Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.

Skagen, S. K., and H. D. Oman. 1996. Dietary flexibility of shorebirds in the Western Hemisphere. Canadian Field-Naturalist 110:419-444.

Warnock, N., and M. A. Bishop. 1998. Spring stopover ecology of migrant Western Sandpipers. Condor 100:456-467.