The lists to the left are presented partly because I have a deep interest in subspecies, partly because I have a lot of information that wouldn't fit in the pages of the Sibley Guide, and partly because several people have asked me why I didn't include scientific names of subspecies in the guide.

I made that decision after a great deal of thought and research, and I still feel that for the vast majority of readers the scientific names would only be confusing. I found that when I started using regional descriptors for different populations it actually increased my own understanding of the variation (I had been confused by the scientific names for years!), and it gave me the freedom to describe actual geographic variation without being constrained by the published subspecies names. Professional ornithologists may scoff at this attitude, but the truth is that geographic variation is understudied in most species, subspecies have been named very inconsistently, and there are many subspecies in need of careful revision.

Furthermore, I think it is unwise for inexperienced field observers to attempt the identification of subspecies. It is better to label birds as typical of the populations from a certain region, since applying a scientific name implies a precision that is simply not possible in the field under most circumstances.

Anyone interested in more of the technical details of subspecies names can consult Pyle 1997 (and the excellent list of references therein), AOU 1957, and older classic works such as Bent and Ridgway.

This is not intended to be a list of "identifiable forms" of North American birds, nor is it a complete listing of subspecies. The subspecies illustrated in the field guide were chosen for various reasons. Some are distinctive populations that may be elevated to full species status, or at least are consistently identifiable in the field without considering geographic location; some represent the extremes of clinal variations and were chosen simply to show the range of appearance possible in a species; some represent very minor variations illustrated because they can be confused with similar species; and some are shown simply because there was room for an illustration and because I think any variation is noteworthy.

For example the variation in Common and Ruddy Ground-Doves, which is subtle and not very well-defined, is illustrated because it complicates the separation of those two species. On the other hand the variation in Mourning Dove, which is about as significant as that of the ground-doves, is not illustrated because it creates no identification problems.

I have taken this hodge-podge of subspecies and variations and arbitrarily chosen to illustrate some and to divide them into regional groups because that was the only way to simplify the content of the book. There are hundreds of other subspecies that are probably "identifiable" in the field by an observer with enough experience and confidence.

What follows is a list of all the regional variations illustrated or mentioned in the guide, with my best guess of the current scientific name for each population. I have chosen to use the word "population" universally to mean any definable group of individuals, without implying any taxonomic rank. The word "group" following a scientific name means that the population as defined in the book includes several subspecies, and then the population is given the name of the first-named subspecies included in the group.

Please feel free to offer comments and suggestions.